Premiers Crus Classés of the Médoc: The excellence of the 1855 classification

The Premiers Crus Classés of the Médoc: the excellence of the 1855 classification

The mention of the Premiers Crus Classés of the Médoc stirs a particular emotion in lovers of great wines. This exceptional group, born of the famous 1855 classification, embodies the elite among the châteaux of the Médoc. It captures the imagination of all those who wish to collect, taste or give the finest bottles of Bordeaux. Let us explore together this unique heritage to understand what sets these classified growths apart and why their reputation remains intact nearly two centuries after the original classification.

Key points: 

• 5 Premiers Crus Classés since 1855, virtually unchanged for 170 years: Lafite Rothschild, Latour, Margaux, Mouton Rothschild, Haut-Brion

• The only change in 170 years: Mouton Rothschild promoted from 2nd to 1st in 1973, after decades of campaigning by Baron Philippe de Rothschild

• Haut-Brion is the only exception outside the Médoc, produced in Pessac-Léognan (Graves)

• Full structure: 61 classified red growths in 5 ranks (5 + 14 + 14 + 10 + 18) + 27 sweet white wines from Sauternes/Barsac

• Each château has its second wine: Carruades de Lafite, Les Forts de Latour, Pavillon Rouge, Petit Mouton, Le Clarence de Haut-Brion

• Legendary vintages: 1982, 2000, 2005, 2009, 2010, 2015, 2016, Parker 100/100 scores to note by château

• Indicative prices: from €500 (Haut-Brion) to over €3,000 (Lafite, great vintages), a globally recognised investment asset

The 1855 classification: a benchmark still relevant today

The 1855 Paris Universal Exhibition marked a decisive turning point for the Bordeaux wine region. On that occasion, Napoleon III requested the creation of a classification ranking the finest red wines of the Médoc, based on their quality and price at the time. Local brokers, true connoisseurs, drew up a list intended to guide discerning enthusiasts and informed investors.

Since then, the 1855 classification has remained an essential reference in the world of classified growths. Even if some call for revisions, few other systems enjoy such international recognition. Owning a bottle from this selection is still today a guarantee of renown, reliable provenance and often a remarkable capacity for ageing.

The 5 Premiers Crus Classés of the Médoc: complete profiles

Château Lafite Rothschild (Pauillac): "The young girl of Pauillac"

The 112-ha vineyard is divided into three plots: the hillsides surrounding the château, the Carruades plateau to the west, and a 4.5-ha plot in the neighbouring commune of Saint-Estèphe. The terroir consists mainly of fine, deep gravel mixed with wind-blown sand on a limestone bedrock. The grape varieties are 70% Cabernet Sauvignon, 25% Merlot, 3% Cabernet Franc and 2% Petit Verdot.

In terms of style, the wines of Lafite Rothschild are often described as having a fragrant elegance and finesse, contrasting with the more powerful and masculine structure of Latour or the more exotic and intense flavours of Mouton.

Legendary vintages: 1921, 1945 and 1982, to which 2000 and 2005 are added in more recent years. Lafite Rothschild received a score of 100/100 from Robert Parker for the vintages 1959, 2003 and 2010.

Château Latour (Pauillac): The colossus of Pauillac

Château Latour is a Premier Grand Cru Classé of Pauillac. The estate covers 65 hectares, including the 47 of the enclos surrounding the château, which produces the grapes for the Fine Wine. The estate is planted with 90% Cabernet Sauvignon and 10% Merlot.

Latour is the most structured and concentrated first growth of the Médoc. Its "enclos", a central 47-ha plot on a ridge of deep gravel, produces one of the most powerful and long-lived wines of Bordeaux. 

Legendary vintages: 1961, 1982, 2000, 2003, 2009, 2010, 2015.

Château Margaux (Margaux): The aristocrat of the Médoc

Château Margaux has reigned over its eponymous appellation for centuries. Its style is the most elegant and floral of the five Premiers Crus, dominated by Cabernet Sauvignon yet with a delicacy that often leads it to be compared to a great red Burgundy.

The estate extends over 262 hectares (including 87 ha of vines for the Fine Wine), on a terroir of deep Günzian gravel typical of the Margaux appellation. The château itself, a listed historic monument, is one of the most beautiful in Bordeaux.

Legendary vintages: 1900, 1961, 1982, 1986, 1990, 2000, 2009, 2015. Robert Parker awarded 100/100 to Château Margaux 1900 and 2015.

Château Mouton Rothschild (Pauillac): The rebel turned icon

Mouton Rothschild is the only château to have changed rank since 1855: classified Second in 1855, promoted to First in 1973 after a historic battle led by Baron Philippe de Rothschild. It is also the only Premier Cru to commission a great artist each year to illustrate its label: Picasso, Dalí, Warhol, Chagall, Bacon. A label collection that has become a worldwide artistic heritage.

Legendary vintages: 1945 (V for Victory label), 1982, 1986, 2000, 2009. Parker 100/100 for the 1945 vintage.

Château Haut-Brion (Pessac-Léognan): The exception of the Graves

Haut-Brion is the only Premier Cru located outside the Médoc. The only growth situated in the Graves, now the Pessac-Léognan appellation, Haut-Brion is the exception of the 1855 classification — a ranking centred on the Médoc, where its reputation was too outstanding to be ignored.

Its terroir of Günzian gravel ridges, located a few kilometres from the centre of Bordeaux (commune of Pessac), gives it a unique style: spicier, more mineral than the Pauillacs, with an earthy complexity all its own.

Legendary vintages: 1945, 1959, 1989, 1998, 2009, 2010, 2015. Parker 100/100 for 1989.

Comparative table of the 5 Premiers Crus Classés

The complete list of the 61 red grands crus classés 1855

Premiers Crus (5 châteaux)

• Château Lafite-Rothschild: Pauillac

• Château Latour: Pauillac

• Château Margaux: Margaux

• Château Mouton Rothschild: Pauillac (promoted 1973)

• Château Haut-Brion: Pessac-Léognan

Seconds Crus (14 châteaux)

• Rauzan-Ségla, Rauzan-Gassies (Margaux) 

• Léoville Las Cases, Léoville Poyferré, Léoville Barton, Gruaud Larose, Ducru-Beaucaillou (Saint-Julien) 

• Durfort-Vivens, Lascombes, Brane-Cantenac (Margaux) 

• Pichon Baron, Pichon Comtesse de Lalande (Pauillac) 

• Cos d'Estournel, Montrose (Saint-Estèphe)

Troisièmes Crus (14 châteaux)

• Kirwan, d'Issan, Giscours, Malescot Saint-Exupéry, Boyd-Cantenac, Cantenac Brown, Palmer, Desmirail, Ferrière, Marquis d'Alesme Becker (Margaux)

• Lagrange, Langoa Barton (Saint-Julien)

• La Lagune (Haut-Médoc)

• Calon-Ségur (Saint-Estèphe)

Quatrièmes Crus (10 châteaux)

• Saint-Pierre, Talbot, Branaire-Ducru, Beychevelle, Prieuré-Lichine (Saint-Julien)

• Pouget, Marquis de Terme (Margaux) 

• Duhart-Milon (Pauillac)

• La Tour Carnet (Haut-Médoc)

• Lafon-Rochet (Saint-Estèphe)

Cinquièmes Crus (18 châteaux)

• Pontet-Canet, Batailley, Haut-Batailley, Grand-Puy-Lacoste, Grand-Puy Ducasse, Lynch-Bages, Lynch-Moussas, d'Armailhac, Haut-Bages Libéral, Pédesclaux, Clerc-Milon, Croizet-Bages (Pauillac)

• Dauzac, Du Tertre (Margaux)

• Belgrave, de Camensac (Haut-Médoc)

• Cos Labory (Saint-Estèphe)

• Cantemerle (Haut-Médoc)

The finest vintages of the Médoc for the Premiers Crus Classés

Why has the 1855 classification not been revised?

This classification is fairly criticised because it has never been revised (except in 1973 to promote Mouton Rothschild from 2nd to 1st), while certain estates have been subdivided or sold numerous times.

Supporters of the status quo argue that this immutability is precisely what gives the classification its value: investors, collectors and global markets can rely on it over entire decades. Critics point to châteaux that would deserve promotion (Lynch-Bages, Pichon Comtesse, Pontet-Canet) and others whose quality may have evolved unfavourably.

The truth is that resistance to change comes partly from the châteaux themselves: being downgraded represents a considerable financial and prestige loss, and no consensus can be reached. It is precisely to avoid this pitfall that Saint-Émilion chose a classification revised every ten years, with the legal disputes that this generates.

Frequently asked questions about the Premiers Crus Classés of the Médoc

What distinguishes a Premier Cru Classé from another classified growth of the Médoc?

The Premiers Crus Classés represent the qualitative pinnacle of the 1855 classification. Their name embodies tradition, viticultural excellence and rare ageing potential. The difference lies in consistency, the finesse of the tannins, longevity and renown. Certain other classified growths may rival them in great vintages, but the first growths remain the historic benchmarks.

• Consistency over several decades

• Remarkable longevity

• Unrivalled worldwide reputation

Does the geographical area of a Premier Cru Classé influence its typicity?

Yes, the Pauillac appellation produces powerful, structured wines, while Margaux offers floral elegance and silky textures. Each château draws on its terroir. The gravelly soils, climate and grape varieties determine the aromatic signature and texture of the wines.

• Pauillac: power, structure, firm tannins

• Margaux: finesse, floral bouquet, suppleness on the palate

• Pessac (Haut-Brion): spicy complexity, mineral harmony

How to recognise a great vintage from a Premier Cru Classé of the Médoc?

A great vintage combines aromatic intensity, balance on the palate, sufficient acidity and length on the finish. One notices a deep colour, a complex nose (blackcurrant, cedar, tobacco) and well-integrated fine tannins. A few years of cellaring reveal the wine's full potential. Connoisseurs also place great importance on storage conditions, which are essential for expressing the richness of a great Bordeaux.

1. Renowned vintages such as 1982, 1996, 2010 or 2016

2. Analysis of colour (no premature oxidation)

3. Attentive tasting: freshness, complexity, length